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no-repeat rgba(191,191,191,0.7);background-size:cover;cursor:pointer!important;}.css-jflero img.content_image[data-size="normal"],.css-jflero img.origin_image[data-size="normal"]{width:100%;max-width:100%;}.css-jflero img.content_image[data-size="small"],.css-jflero img.origin_image[data-size="small"]{width:320px;max-width:100%;}@-webkit-keyframes animation-1yvu044{from{opacity:0;}to{opacity:1;}}@keyframes animation-1yvu044{from{opacity:0;}to{opacity:1;}}哈喽，大家好，这里是朵拉爱心理，我心理学考研专业课260分上岸的朵拉学姐～
从今天开始每天给大家分享心理学考研各科目的重点知识点啦！！带着大家一起学习心理学考研重点咯~
本期更新的是《普通心理学》各章节重点
今日带学内容:普心第三章——注意与意识
本章重点内容:睡眠五个阶段、注意种类、注意的理论本章重要程度:??????
框架如下
（一）意识与无意识
1、意识的含义:
意识是一种觉知，一种高级心理功能，是一种心理状态
2、意识的种类:见华中师范大学绿宝书
3、意识的功能:
（1）对客体的观察和觉知
通过限制人们的注意，减少不断涌入的刺激能量；
使人们依据知觉组织规律，将连续不断的经验化为客体和事件；
使人们能够利用过去的记忆对现时输入的信息做出最佳的判断和正确行为。
（2）对主体的控制和调节
（3） 助人们生存和构建社会文化
4、睡眠与梦:清醒时β波,安静或休息状态时α波,在睡眠状态,主要是△波
睡眠的四个阶段:
第一阶段:混合的、频率和波幅都较低的脑电波。持续10分钟。
第二阶段:出现“睡眠锭”（即是一种短暂爆发的脑电波）脑电波。持续20分钟。
第三阶段:脑电波的频率会继续降低，波幅变大，出现△波，有时会有“睡眠锭”波。持续40分钟。
第四阶段:称深度睡眠，个体肌肉近一步放松，身体功能的各项指标变慢，梦游、梦呓、尿床等发生在此。更大更慢的纯△波，睡眠者很难被唤醒。
第三阶段,第四阶段的睡眠常被称作
快速眼动睡眠（rem）:
在此时，个体在清醒状态时的脑电活动很相似，△波消失，高频率、低波幅的脑电波出现。睡眠者的眼球开始快速左右上下移动，而且通常伴随着梦境。第一次出现10分钟，以后逐渐增加。
总结如下:
睡眠的功能:
功能恢复理论认为: 睡眠使一天的大脑和身体得到休息修正和恢复
生态学理论认为:睡眠的目的是减少能量的消耗和避免受到伤害
进化论:是生存过程中长期演化而成的,为了维持生存需要
5、梦:
精神分析的观点:弗洛伊德和荣格认为梦是潜意识过程的显现，是通向潜意识的最可靠的路径。或者说，梦是被压抑的潜意识冲动和愿望以改变的形式出现在意识中，这些冲动和愿望主要是人本能的反映。
生理学的观点:霍布森认为梦的本质是我们对脑的随机神经活动的主观体验。这些活动是为了维持神经系统的正常。
认知观点:梦担负着一定的认知功能。在睡眠中，认知系统依然对储存的知识进行检索、排序、整合、巩固等，这些活动的一部分会进入意识，称为梦境。
(二)注意概述
1、注意的含义:注意是指心理活动或意识对一定对象的指向和集中；
它具有两个特点: 指向性和集中性
指向性: 是指在某一瞬间,心理活动或意识选择了某个对象而离开其他对象；
集中性: 当心理活动或意识指向了某个对象的时候,他们便会在这个对象上集中起来
2、注意的功能:
注意的基本功能使对信息进行选择,另外也是完成信息处理的重要条件,保证了对物体更清晰地认识,更准确地反映和更可控有序的行为
选择功能，保持功能，对活动的调节和监督功能
3、注意的种类:
分类1:
不随意注意:指事先没有目的、也不需要意志努力的注意。
引起不随意注意的原因:
（1）刺激物自身的特点
（2）人本身的状态
随意注意:指事先有预定目的、需要一定意志努力的注意。
引起随意注意的主要原因:
（1）对注意目的和任务的依从性
（2）对兴趣的依从性
（3）对活动组织的依从性
（4）对过去经验的依从性
（5）对人格的依从性
随意后注意:有预定目的,但不需要意志努力的注意.
分类2:
选择性注意:是个体在同时呈现的两种或两种以上的刺激中选择一种进行注意，而忽略另外的刺激。例如:双耳分听实验
持续性注意:指注意在一定时间内保持在某个认识客体或活动上，也叫注意的稳定性。例如:学生上课的45分钟内必须使自己的注意保持在与教学活动有关的对象上
分配性注意:个体在同一时间内对两种或两种以上的刺激进行注意，或将注意分配到不同的活动中。例如:学生一边听讲课一边记笔记
(三)注意的生理机制和外部表现:
1、注意的生理机制:
朝向反射(定向反射):情景的新异性引起一种复杂而又特殊的反射。它是注意的最初生理机制
脑干网状结构: 其激活作用使大脑处于觉醒状态,没有激活就不可能注意
边缘系统: 人选择一些信息而离开另一些信息是和脑的更高级部分
大脑皮层:注意产生的最高部位
2、注意的外部表现:
适应性运动:有关感觉器官朝向刺激物
无关活动的停止:人在高度集中注意时，无关活动会暂时停止
呼吸运动的变化:呼吸变得轻微缓慢，甚至出现暂时暂停的现象
（四）注意的品质
1、注意的广度:在同一时间一个人所能清晰把握的注意对象的数量，如一目十行
2、注意的稳定性:指注意在一对象上保持时间的长短。分为狭义的稳定性和广义的稳定性
狭义的稳定性:指保持在某一事物上的时间，比如，认真看书
广义的稳定性:注意保持在某一活动上的时间，比如，学生上课听课，一会儿听老师讲，一会儿记笔记，一会儿思考问题
3、注意的分配
指在进行几种活动时，注意同时指向不同的对象，比如一边吃饭一边看书
4、注意的转移
根据新任务的需要，主动及时地将注意从一个对象转移到另一个对象。与分心不同，分心是被动的
（五）注意的认知理论
1、注意选择的认知理论
注意的过滤器理论:
提出者:布罗德本特
主要观点:人类面临大量的信息，但个体的神经系统在同一时间内对信息处理的能力是极有限的，需要过滤器调节，从而使中枢神经系统不致负担过重，过滤器按照“全或无”的原则工作，接通一个通道，通过一些信息，这些信息得到进一步的加工，其他通道则被阻断，信息不能通过，暂时存储在短时记忆中，并迅速衰退
衰减器理论:
提出者:特瑞斯曼
主要内容:当信息通过过滤装置时，非追随耳的信息只是在强度上减弱了，并没有完全消失，如果非追随耳的信息对人有重要意义，他们的激活阈限很低，虽然通过过滤装置衰减了，但仍然容易被人们接受，并对此进行进一步的加工。(鸡尾酒会现象)
后期选择模型:
提出者:德尤奇
主要内容:认为所有输入信息在进入过滤装置或衰减装置之前都已受到充分的分析，按后才进入过滤或衰减装置，因而对信息的选择发生在加工后期的反应阶段。
2、注意分配的认知理论
认知资源理论:
提出者:卡尼曼
主要内容:认为人的认知资源是有限的，对刺激的识别需要占有认知资源，而且刺激越复杂，加工任务越复杂所需要占有的认知资源也就越多，当认知资源完全被占有时，新的信息讲得不到加工。
该理论还认为，输入的刺激本身并不会自动的占有认知资源，而是在认知系统内，存在一个资源分配的机制，可以受我们控制，这样可以把认知资源分配到重要的刺激上。
双加工理论:
提出者:谢夫林
主要内容:认为人的信息加工分为自动化加工和受意识控制的加工
受意识控制的加工是需要注意参与的，受认知资源限制的，需要注意的参与，但在大量的练习之后可以转变成自动化加工，控制加工是较慢的，以系列方式起作用，具有弹性
自动化加工，不受认知资源的限制，不需要注意参与，一旦形成就难以予以改变，加工是快速的，以平行方式进行，但缺少弹性
今日内容更新完毕~觉得有用的小伙伴可以点个赞
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